Month: November 2013

Childcare Across State Lines

Jordan Weissmann examines it:

Child care is a carefully regulated industry. States lay down rules about how many children each employee is allowed to watch over, the square footage centers need per child, and other minute details. And the stricter the regs, the higher the costs. If a center is required by law to have 25 square feet of space for every kid in a program, it can’t ever downsize its building when rents rise. If it has to hire a care giver for every two children, it can’t really achieve any economies of scale on labor to save money when other expenses go up.

A comparative case in point: in Massachusetts, where child care centers must hire one teacher for every three infants, the price of care averaged more than $16,000 per year. In Mississippi, where centers must hire one teacher for every five infants, the price of care averaged less than $5,000.

Previous Dish on the costs of childcare here.

“Germany Has Turned Into A Giant Brothel”

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In sharp contrast with the Swedes:

[In 2001, Germany’s Social Democrats and Greens] wanted to raise the legal and social status of prostitutes. So they enacted a law to remove the stigma from sex work by, for example, giving prostitutes full rights to health insurance, pensions and other benefits. “Exploiting” sex workers remained criminal, but merely employing them or providing them with a venue became legal. The idea was that responsible employers running safe and clean brothels would drive pimps out of the market.

Germany thus embarked on an experiment in liberalization just as Sweden, a country culturally similar in many ways, was going in the opposite direction. In 1999 the Swedes had made it criminal to pay for sex (pimping was already a crime). By stigmatizing not the prostitutes but the men who paid them, even putting them in jail, the Swedes hoped to come close to eliminating prostitution.

The results?

Prostitution seems to have declined in Sweden (unless it has merely gone deep underground), whereas Germany has turned into a giant brothel and even a destination for European sex tourism. The best guess is that Germany has about 400,000 prostitutes catering to 1m men a day. Mocking the spirit of the 2001 law, exactly 44 of them, including four men, have registered for welfare benefits.

Update from a reader:

You should link to sources that are skeptical of the Swedish model bullshit. Start here and go on to the Australian Prostitution Licensing Authority’s analysis of the Swedish model. No one outside of radical circles and the Swedish government believes their model is working. In the meantime, charges of trafficking in Germany have fallen in half in the last ten years.

Another:

Your reader mentioned the Queensland Prostitution Licensing Authority analysis; if you’d like to read, link, or download a copy of that, the pdf is here. If you would rather just read a synopsis, that would be here.

(Photo: Exterior of a Frankfurt brothel by Chris Pirillo)

The Taste Of Patriotism

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Sky Dylan-Robbins and Matt Buchanan link the persistent popularity of powdered cheese to American war history:

Cheese may be “milk’s leap toward immortality,” as the writer Clifton Fadiman once put it, but until the development of processed cheese in the early twentieth century, it still readily spoiled. Processed cheese is made by heating and melting regular cheese and adding emulsifying salts, leaving it, as James L. Kraft stated in his patent application in 1916, in “such condition that it may be kept indefinitely without spoiling.” Kraft had great initial success selling some six million pounds of processed cheese to the U.S. government during the First World War; our taste for less than natural cheese products has thus been intertwined with war since the beginning.

But it turns out that an even better way to keep cheese from spoiling is to dehydrate it. In the most popular method, “spray-drying,” liquid is sprayed into a chamber and blasted with hot air. The liquid evaporates, and the remaining solid, a dry particle, is left behind. … Spray-drying first saw extensive use during the Second World War, granting near-immortality to otherwise perishable food products, from eggs to ice cream. So-called dehydrated cheese products, a category that includes both cheese powders and dried, grated cheese, “were developed for the U.S. Army … as a means of preserving cheese solids under conditions to which natural cheese would not normally be subjected,” according to “The Fundamentals of Cheese Science.” (The rations of German soldiers also included powdered cheese.) Gradually, dehydrated cheese and packaged macaroni and cheese became staples over the course of the war.

(Photo of boxed mac & cheese by D. Sharon Pruitt)

The Best Of The Dish This Weekend

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I found out about the wonderfully named “Soylent” only a week ago. It’s a meal replacement drink created and funded like a crowd-sourced app. Let me say upfront: I long for it. I’m one of those people who are food-indifferent. I find cooking boring beyond belief and eating a duty rather than a pleasure. Obviously, not all the time, although my few British foodie passions – like rhubarb crumble or steak and kidney pudding – have long since been ruled out of bounds by my allergy to wheat. But a lot of the time, it just takes up time I’d much rather be doing something else. You can watch a good short doc about it here, and ponder how it could alleviate global hunger and environmental destruction. I think it’s cool to watch someone replace food entirely with it, but I don’t see why it has to be that extreme. As a way for me to eat breakfast and lunch while blogging, it appeals. Too many days, in the hours and hours of intense interaction with my laptop, I forget to eat either. And that’s no good. I’ll try to get some and report back.

On the other hand, Buzzfeed continues its relentlessly thorough campaign to turn all journalism into advertizing, with its no-negative-reviews book-review policy. Even those companies actually selling books, like Amazon, are unafraid of blistering critiques. Now, I understand the desire not to engage in trolling hatchet-jobs – that can be left in the capable hands of the culture police at, say The New Republic‘s back of the book. But no trenchant criticism at all? It doesn’t get more whorish to book advertisers than that. I guess we’re lucky we don’t yet have “native advertising” book “reviews” by the publishing houses. Takes out that irritatingly unpredictable character called the independent critic.

Some acute observations: Kurt Vonnegut on plot; James Baldwin’s piercing sanity; Wittgenstein on what religion really is; Saint Paul, who turned Christianity into a theology; a neuroscientist reflects on his own Parkinson’s; and a rare insight into what faith really means – and how it is given shape and nutrition and substance by doubt. After all, if you’ve never doubted something, have you ever truly believed it?

We spent the weekend introducing Bowie to Eddy. A few growls, some snarls, but also: play! At one point, all four of us were curled up, passed out on the bed, like a pack. Never used to happen with aloof Dusty. I can’t help feeling I’m being taught how to live by these creatures. Which makes sense, when you think about it.

The most popular Dish post of the weekend was Yes, Alec Baldwin Is A Homophobic Bigot. Next up was, er, Alec Baldwin Is A Homophobic Bigot.

See you in the morning.

An Emblem Of The End

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In Russell Banks’s office is the plaster cast of a gravestone angel, its only inscription “Remember Death.” He discusses its significance:

It was a memento mori. I don’t think I even knew what a memento mori was exactly, although growing up in New Hampshire and eastern Massachusetts, I’d certainly seen plenty of them in old cemeteries and churchyards. Mostly, they struck me as unpleasant reminders of Puritanism, the wages of sin and the flames of hell, more creepy than religious. This was 1963. I was pointedly irreligious and whatever the opposite of puritanical is. But something about this particular reminder got through to me, as if I had never linked the two words together before, had never probed the meaning of either one alone or truly considered the imperative mood, and I had to own it, had to bring it home to our little apartment and hang it above my writing table, so that every time I looked up from my struggle to write my first poems and stories, I would see it, and I would remember death. Which is not all that easy to do when you are still in your early 20s, in excellent health, have not been to war, and have not yet lost to death anyone close to you. Even Jack Kennedy was still alive and well in Washington, D.C. …

For half a century I have carried that memento mori with me—from New Hampshire to North Carolina in the mid- and late-’60s, back to New Hampshire, to Jamaica in the mid-1970s, to New York City and Princeton, New Jersey, to upstate New York where I have lived in recent years, and now to Miami where I spend winters. Wherever I have set up my desk and sat myself down to write, my angel has looked down and murmured, Remember Death.

(Photo by Mel B.)

“The Zen Predator Of The Upper East Side”

That’s the title of Mark Oppenheimer’s new e-book, detailing the troubling life and times of Eido Shimano, the Zen Buddhist monk with a history of exploiting the women who came to him for spiritual guidance. A teaser from the book:

Eido Shimano, the Japanese Zen Buddhist monk whose exploitative relationships with female followers over a fifty-year period were to tear apart the American Buddhist community, arrived in the United States in August 1960, at the age of 27, to study at the University of Hawaii. He moved in with Bob Aitken, a Zen teacher who had first been exposed to Zen as a prisoner of war in a Japanese camp, afterwards studying with leading Japanese masters. Shimano stayed in Hawaii for four years, then left for New York City, promptly to organize one of the country’s great sanghas, or Zen communities. Until the women he serially abused finally began to speak out, in the last two years or so, Shimano was a pillar—the pillar—of the New York City community of Zen Buddhists.

Jay Michaelson reviews the book:

As with many religious sex scandals, this is old news to insiders. Other Zen roshis with similar allegations against them include Richard Baker, Joshu Sasaki, Taizan Maezumi—the list goes on, really. The pattern is disturbingly familiar from Catholic, Ultra-Orthodox Jewish, and similar systematic abuse scandals: insiders made aware, positive values of spiritual teacher stressed, abuse hushed up, abuse repeated.

Yet in Shimano’s case, the facts are murkier.

First, all of his “victims,” if that’s even the right word, were adults; this was not a case of predation of teenagers, as in the Catholic Church. Second, none were raped, in the narrowest (and legal) sense of the term. And while some sexual acts are alleged to have been coerced, most of Shimano’s reported liaisons were consensual—that is, if there can ever be consent within a power relationship such as that between guru and disciple, which perhaps there cannot. Finally, while Shimano was married, it’s not known what his wife made of the allegations, or when she knew of them.

Then there’s the matter of culture. Shimano’s actions are inexcusable by Japanese, American, or any other cultural standard. Yet they did take place within a system of power and patriarchy that includes male sexual philandering within it. How different was Shimano’s behavior from that of a typical Japanese businessman? This is neither to excuse his conduct nor make generalizations about other cultures – but it is to recognize that Western terms such as “sex offender” may not completely fit.

James Ford praises Oppenheimer’s treatment of a complicated subject:

I don’t think it will prove to be the last word, it’s really too early for that. And the book, at sixty-seven pages really more an essay, is brief. So brief he doesn’t even mention the efforts on the part of Reverend Shimano’s Dharma successor the Reverend Genjo Marinello to address the issue, which would be required in any comprehensive review of what had transpired. But it shows enough, and it is devastating. …

And [Oppenheimer] avoids some of the possible traps for the unwary. For instance much has been made in some corners of the fact Reverend Shimano, who received his formal authorization in a public ceremony witnessed by perhaps a hundred people, turned out not to have been registered at the home temple in Japan. This is significant. But people have gone on to suggest therefore he didn’t actually have Dharma transmission, the critical authorization for a Zen teacher. Oppenheimer simply cuts through this as “arcane controversies…” And, instead, keeps his focus on the confusions of the heart that allow such things to happen, both for victim and perpetrator.

Faces Of The Day

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Jordan G. Teicher captions the above image by Scott Dalton:

In Mexico, curanderos, or traditional healers, have long served an important role in peoples’ medical and spiritual lives. A select few have even become celebrities. In the early 20th century, El Niño Fidencio became one of the country’s most famous curanderos and was considered a miracle worker. Today he is regarded as a folk saint by thousands of his devotees, or fidencistas.

In the 1990s, photographer Scott Dalton heard about a pilgrimage of Fidencio followers in Espinazo, Mexico, from friends and decided to check it out. He returned to Espinazo again in 2006 and 2009 to document the festival for his series “Faith Healers.” … At the pilgrimage, Dalton said, thousands of followers gather to commemorate important dates in Fidencio’s life as well as participate in religious services and healings. Fidencistas believe that modern-day curanderos can channel the spirit of Fidencio and that under his influence they can use his powers to perform healings. Dalton said he witnessed these transformations, in which the eyes of curanderos would roll back and they’d assume a high-pitched voice. “Obviously, there is a strong following,” Dalton said. “I think in Mexico people have a very strong sense of faith and religion plays an important part in their lives, but like anywhere there are varying degrees of belief. These events attract followers from all over the region, so for many this pilgrimage is an important part of their faith.”

The Italian Nietzsche

Adam Kirsch reviews the newly translated, mammoth diary of Giacomo Leopardi, Zibaldone, and finds the poet presaged Nietzsche with his dark meditations on modernity:

Leopardi envies the ancients, who were history’s children. The young Leopardi, who dish_Leopardi had seen little of life and did not at all like what he saw, took the Greek epics and the Latin orations as evidence that there was once a time when men lived heroically and single-mindedly. The cruelty of the ancients, as we see it in the Iliad, was not for Leopardi a reason to prefer the moderns. On the contrary, the belligerence of antiquity was a sign of its greater authenticity and capacity for faith. At moments Leopardi suggests that the xenophobic patriotism of the ancient Greeks, their capacity for utterly dehumanizing and exterminating their foes, was a technique of thought that the moderns would do well to cultivate: “Society cannot subsist without love of the homeland, and hatred of foreigners.”

Here Leopardi strikes a note that would become familiar from Nietzsche, and later from fascism:

the belief that the modern world must re-barbarize itself. Yet this is Leopardi’s view only at rare moments, when he seems carried away by his own speculations. Temperamentally he is anything but violent, and far from being contemptuous of the mind, he is in his own way absolutely pious toward it—in just the way that Nietzsche would observe that the nihilist remains pious toward one thing, which is the truth. And the truth, for Leopardi as for Nietzsche, is that there is no truth. This is the revolutionary insight that enlightened thought has brought us, overturning in the process two thousand years of Christian and Platonic thought about the nature of the good. “The truth about good and evil, that one thing is good and the other is bad, is believed to be naturally absolute, when in fact it is only relative…. There is almost no other absolute truth, except that All is relative. This must be the basis for all metaphysics.”

Previous Dish on Zibaldone here and here.

(Image of Leopardi c. 1820 via Wikimedia Commons)

If Only We Were Dogs …

Neuroscientist Christof Koch talks to Wired about human and animal consciousness:

WIRED: Does a lack of self-consciousness mean an animal has no sense of itself?

Koch: Many mammals don’t pass the mirror self-recognition test, including dogs. But I suspect dogs have an olfactory form of self-recognition. You notice that dogs smell other dog’s poop a lot, but they don’t smell their own so much. So they probably have some sense of their own smell, a primitive form of self-consciousness. Now, I have no evidence to suggest that a dog sits there and reflects upon itself; I don’t think dogs have that level of complexity. But I think dogs can see, and smell, and hear sounds, and be happy and excited, just like children and some adults.

Self-consciousness is something that humans have excessively, and that other animals have much less of, though apes have it to some extent. We have a hugely developed prefrontal cortex. We can ponder.

WIRED: How can a creature be happy without self-consciousness?

Koch: When I’m climbing a mountain or a wall, my inner voice is totally silent. Instead, I’m hyperaware of the world around me. I don’t worry too much about a fight with my wife, or about a tax return. I can’t afford to get lost in my inner self. I’ll fall. Same thing if I’m traveling at high speed on a bike. It’s not like I have no sense of self in that situation, but it’s certainly reduced. And I can be very happy.

Previous Dish on the subject here, here, and here.