The Dish

Leah Price’s answer is more complicated than you’d expected:

“[B]ook” has meant different things to different cultures. It sometimes refers to a sequence of words that’s long enough to form a whole, though short enough that it’s not impossible for one person to read the whole thing—and even then, most books are treated more like a buffet in which readers graze for quotable quotes than like a meal whose different courses need to be eaten in sequence and it’s an insult to the chef if you don’t finish everything on your plate.

At other times and places, a book hasn’t referred to a sequence of words but rather to a material object—a roll of a manageable size, for example, or a codex that’s thick enough for its title to be spelled down its spine. This is one reason that UNESCO defined “book” in 1964 as “a non-periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages, …made available to the public”; but the redundancy of “publication made available to the public” points to what remains slippery in that definition. Where do you draw the line between publication and internal circulation, for example? And “of” begs questions as well. The early modern Sammelband is a book made of different works bound together by what we would today call the end user—it’s the reader, not the publisher, who assembled those parts into a whole that we’d recognize as a book. So “book” is a term that has fluctuated and been fought over long before e-books began to face off with p-books.

Harmony Huskinson highlights the work of John Delaney, the Natural Gallery of Art’s senior imaging scientist who uses a special camera to “reveal not just what’s under the paint, but also what is happening at each layer of paint that lies under the surface” of famed works of art. One example of how he deploys the technology:

One of Picasso’s most distinctive pieces from his Blue Period, “Le Gourmet,” depicts a child scraping his bowl for the last morsels of food. But underneath the azures and cobalts on the canvas, there’s a hidden portrait—of a veiled woman gazing serenely out into the distance. This hidden portrait, which Picasso worked on before his Blue Period, uses bolder dabs of  white paint and may contain other unknown pigments.

The ability to view early sketches and paintings hidden underneath the surface has been around for decades, thanks to infrared reflectography, which was used to uncover the veiled woman at the National Gallery in the mid-1990s.

But Delaney’s technology goes far beyond seeing a concealed drawing. His infrared imaging method takes pictures of Picasso’s mysterious woman at a range of infrared exposures. Delaney then turns these images into a flipbook of sorts, allowing viewers to see the little boy fading as the woman emerges from the canvas.

To see the portrait hidden beneath “Le Gourmet,” go here.

(Picasso’s “Le Gourmet,” 1910, via Wikimedia Commons)

Claude S. Fischer claims that appeals to our sympathy wouldn’t always have been effective:

That humanitarian appeals tend to work is not a given of human nature. They work because we moderns have learned to sympathize with the suffering of others as far away as the Congo and as strange as leatherback turtles. Our feelings are the products of a humanitarian sensibility that has risen in the last couple of centuries. We, the Western bourgeois, became more sympathetic as we became more sensitive and sentimental.

Historians of emotions—yes, emotions have a history—have documented the construction of people’s feelings. Before roughly the 1800s, sympathy was less common and more restricted in scope, overwhelmed as people were by practical needs and circumstances. Cruelty ran through everyday life—animal torture, bloody brawling, severe punishment of criminals, child abuse, whipping of servants, and so on. Such atrocities repel us today but were less dreadful and sometimes even amusing to people then. (Steven Pinker’s 2011 book The Better Angels of Our Nature, which I reviewed in these pages, recounts the growing revulsion against such everyday violence.)

A possible reason for the shift:

Some scholars, the historian Thomas Haskell perhaps most explicitly, argue that the widening circle of sympathy resulted from growing participation in commerce. Commerce, especially at a distance, introduces participants to strangers. Success at trade both requires and teaches people to see situations from others’ perspectives, to make and to keep promises, and, by experience, to have sympathy, even empathy, for the other. Buyers and sellers, however much they struggle against one another, come to know one another. Commerce at a distance also instills a sense that one could successfully intervene at a distance.

Chagall: Love, War, and Exile, a new exhibit of Marc Chagall’s work at the Jewish Museum in New York, focuses on “the years 1930 to 1948, the darkest and most desperate time of Chagall’s life” and “examines the ways he responded in his painting (and poetry) to the rise of Fascism, the Holocaust, and the death of his wife, Bella, in 1948.” Perhaps the most surprising aspect of the show? Of the 53 paintings and drawings on display, 20 of them feature Jesus:

As the exhibition’s curator, Susan Tumarkin Goodman, notes in the catalogue, the museum is aware that some constituents might find the subject transgressive. Crucifixions are a staple of Western art, but not of Jewish museums, namely because they depict an event for which Jews were blamed and often persecuted.

The counterintuitive twist is that Chagall deployed the crucified Jesus as a tragic, urgent messenger whose purpose was to bear witness to the suffering of the Jews and bring it to the attention of the world.

Chagall, who was raised in a Hasidic home, had his own doubts about using Christian imagery, at various points consulting the Lubavitcher Rebbe and Israeli president Chaim Weizmann on the matter. But in the end, he kept painting Jesus, attracted to his qualities as a rebel, a martyr, and a creative spirit. In some paintings, the man on the cross is the artist himself.

Chagall described the act of painting Jesus as “an expression of the human, Jewish sadness and pain which Jesus personifies,” he explained. “…Perhaps I could have painted another Jewish prophet, but after two thousand years mankind has become attached to the figure of Jesus.”

(Marc Chagall, The Fall of the Angel, 1932-33-47, oil on canvas, 58 ¼ x   63 3/8 in.  Private Collection, on deposit at the Kunstmuseum Basel. © 2013 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris)

“My dear God, I do not want this to be a metaphysical exercise but something in praise of God. It is probably more liable to being therapeutical than metaphysical, with the element of self underlying its thought. Prayers should be composed I understand of adoration, contrition, thanksgiving, and supplication and I would like to see what I can do with each without writing an exegesis. It the adoration of You, dear God, that most dismays me. I cannot comprehend the exaltation that must be due You. Intellectually, I assent: let us adore God. But can we do that without feeling? To feel, we must know. And for this, when it is practically impossible for us to get it ourselves, not completely, of course, but what we can, we are dependent on God. We are dependent on him for our adoration of Him, adoration, that is, in the fullest sense of the term. Give me the grace, dear God, to adore You, for even this I cannot do for myself. Give me the grace to adore You with the excitement of the old priests when they sacrificed a lamb to You. Give me the grace to adore You with the awe that fills Your priests when they sacrifice the Lamb on our altars. Give me the grace to be impatient for the time when I shall see You face to face and need no stimulus than that to adore You. Give me the grace, dear God, to see the bareness and the misery of the places where You are not adored but desecrated, ” – Flannery O’Connor, from a notebook she filled with entries addressed to God as a graduate student at the Iowa Writers Workshop.

Artist Jaz Parkinson creates rainbow charts of books by counting the mentions of color in each text.  On the example seen above:

Also known as Apocalypse, The Book of Revelation is glamorously frightening as a Colour Signature. Gold, white, blood, jewels, and fire.

More about her process:

To create a colour signature, I read through the text, and whenever a colour is evoked in the mind, it receives a tally. I am interested in human interaction with objects and visual references (such as text), and how it changes through the process of this interaction, in this case, becoming a tangible colour in the mind. After the novel is finished, I order them through a spectrum as best and aesthetically pleasingly as I can, which is often tricky because some novels omit entire hues. I then use each tally as a ‘unit’ (in Photoshop), and draw the chart up accordingly. As a result each colour signature in this collection is completely unique to its corresponding novel.

(Hat tip: Smithsonian.  Image by Jaz Parkinson)

In the midst of High Holiday season, when many infrequent worshipers make their way back to synagogue, Mark Oppenheimer ponders the issue of Judaism no longer being a “native language” for many Jews. His advice to the uninitiated? Think of practicing the religion “as an art, or maybe a sport“:

Consider that playing guitar is very, very hard when you start. Let’s say you take a beginner’s class. At the beginning, you will feel frustrated and embarrassed when you make mistakes. If you don’t even know how to read music, and if, what’s more, you lack a good ear, then you will be surrounded by people, even in that introductory class, who seem far ahead of you. You may go back for a few weeks in a row, and you may even practice every night, but after a month you won’t have made what seems like satisfactory progress. Meanwhile, if you bump into fellow students, or hang out at the music school, you will feel as if all of them are ahead of you, making more progress, and coalescing into a community of musicians that you will never be able to join. Some of them may start jamming together, or using lingo that you have yet to master. You will already be defeated. …

So it is with some kinds of Jewish practice. The first few, or even few dozen, times you try it, it’s not just hard work—it seems as if you’ll never get it. The prayers are in a foreign language, you don’t know when to stand or sit, and it seems as if everyone else has known these things forever. (Obviously, some Jewish services are in English and can be quite user-friendly; but even then, the newcomer will have some of these feelings of inadequacy.) What’s more, it seems as if all the people around you are old friends with each other, and you are the newbie. But if you keep coming, it’s amazing is how quickly you begin to feel a sense of mastery. The fifth time you try it? The 10th? All of a sudden you are part of the community, you know people, you know when to stand and sit. And you are teaching some newbie who arrived after you.