Filling Out Form 420

Howard Gleckman believes that the federal government should reconsider their taxation of medical marijuana, given its widespread legality:

Firms can legally sell medical marijuana in 19 states and the District of Columbia and recreational weed in two. They must pay federal income taxes, but unlike all other businesses they are prohibited from reducing their taxable income by deducting business expenses. It is, to say the least, an odd state of affairs. Almost all firms are taxed on their income, that is, revenues minus expenses. But not businesses that sell drugs such as marijuana. In effect, they must pay a gross receipts tax, not an income tax. The loss of those deductions is a big deal.

How this came about:

Congress passed the law explicitly barring deductions for drug sellers back in 1982. According to a nice summary by Stephen Fishman at nolo.com, this happened after the Tax Court ruled that a cocaine dealer could reduce his taxable income by subtracting the wholesale cost of the drugs he peddled. It even let him take a home office deduction for his illicit activities. Curiously, the law (Sec. 280E, if you are keeping score) applies only to firms that sell illegal drugs. As Fishman notes, a professional hit man can deduct his cost of doing business. So can a prostitute. But a drug seller cannot.

What We Get Wrong About Female Sexuality

Ann Friedman read Daniel Bergner’s new book, What Do Women Want?: Adventures in the Science of Female Desire. Among her takeaways:

Women want sex, and in particular, they want sex with people who really want them. But socially, many straight men still find it a turnoff when women are sexual aggressors. Which means that, for women, aggressively pursuing the thing they want actually leads to them not getting it. I suspect this is the source of much sexual dissatisfaction of the modern single lady, who’s so horny she’s running across the street to Walgreens to buy more batteries twice a week, but is unable to pick up men despite social conventions that men are “easy” to bed and women have to be coaxed into casual sex. The thing women are told they can access any time is, maddeningly, often just out of reach.

Amanda Hess’s perspective :

Lately, whenever I write about social stigma against women who sleep around—from social media shaming in the wake of Steubenville to the science on the social barriers that hold women back from pursuing casual sex—I hear from men who tell me, “Men don’t slut-shame women. We’d love for women to have more casual sex with us.” But liking the fact that a woman wants to have sex doesn’t translate to actually liking the woman herself—especially if she’s mostly interested in doing it with another guy …

In an interview, Bergner addresses other aspects of his book on female desire:

For a long time, we have as a society told ourselves a kind of fairytale about male and female desire, that males are programmed for spreading cheap seed around, for promiscuity, and females desire relationships, with some exceptions. We’re speaking in generalities here, but on average, we’re told that women are sexually programmed to seek out one good man and thus more suited to monogamy. That seems so convenient and comforting to men and so soothing to society, that we can rely on women as a kind of social glue.

That is one of many things we need to look beyond because the evidence for that is thin at best.

Relatedly, Ronnie Koenig, a former Playgirl editor, talks about female desire:

Whether it’s Daniel Craig emerging from the ocean in a cock-revealing bathing suit, Brad Pitt in Fight Club or Adam from Girls with his shirt off (yes, please) women desire visual stimulation just as much as the next guy. Women may not be turned on by a full-page picture of a penis the way men might like to look at close-ups of vaginas in porn, but what we’re discovering is that male and female sexual desire is more alike than different.

What Is PRISM, Exactly? Ctd

A reader writes:

After reading Marc Ambinder’s summary, I am hoping people aren’t making the same mistake about PRISM that I once made about Gmail. When Gmail first came out, I was working in the California legislature, and a co-worker and I thought it was a terrible idea for Google to, in effect, “read” everyone’s mail and provide ads targeted to them.  Our boss introduced a bill to prohibit Google from doing this.

I was assigned to defend the bill at a tech conference, and let’s say I had some misconceptions firmly and uniformly corrected.

No one at Google reads (or could read) anyone’s email.  That would be (a) impossible, given the volume of email, and (b) a pretty stupid thing for a company to try to do.  Google has pretty sophisticated algorithms that can scan millions of texts for words and phrases that advertisers believe would be relevant to a particular commercial purpose.  Ads matching those terms are posted next to the email, and no human (except the recipient) has ever seen anything.

I’m not sure if any actual humans ever see any Facebook postings, but my guess is that the first pass of PRISM works like Gmail.  Someone has developed algorithms for potentially dangerous words and phrases, and the millions or billions of Facebook posts are scanned for those.  The algorithm’s bar would have to be fairly high, since the number of posts would be astronomical, I would imagine.

Posts that make it over the bar (still not having been viewed by any human being) would then be collected into some output that IS more closely examined, and this may be the stage where humans might be involved.  Again, I don’t have any special knowledge here, but I honestly can’t imagine how this could work any other way.  The only things that are ever actually seen by human eyes are those that have some markers of potential serious threats.

I can see how some people might still find little comfort in that, and I’m sure there would have to be many false positives in a system like this.  But I think it’s far more consistent with your intuition about why this isn’t such a horrible invasion of privacy – an intuition that it seems a lot of us share.

That difference between technological review of data and human eyes viewing (and possibly abusing) communication is an important distinction.  If PRISM is more like Gmail than like J. Edgar Hoover’s private FBI files, then this has less to do with privacy than some people might fear. I, for one, got over my concerns about Gmail, and happily got one of its first accounts, which I use to this day.

A Losing Smile

IFL Chicago Weigh-In

Researchers examined (pdf) whether martial arts fighters who smile prior to a fight, which is an unconscious expression of submission, are more likely to lose:

As expected, smile intensity predicted both the outcomes of fights as well as the more detailed measures of in-fight hostility. Interestingly, the smiles predicted both reduced hostility from the smiler as well as increased hostility from his opponent. In other words, it seemed both fighters were attuned to the information being communicated in the pre-fight smile. These results held even when controlling for existing differences in skill (i.e. the betting odds of the fight) and strength (height and weight). Though don’t go drastically altering your gambling strategy just yet -the betting line still did a better job overall in predicting fights compared to just smile intensity. …

You might interpret this as a kind of “nice guys finish last” effect. But that’s not quite right.

The authors also looked at whether smile intensity in the pre-fight photos predicted dominance and outcomes in other future fights. If the smiles are just helping us separate the gentle from the aggressive, then the nice guys should be performing consistently worse than their more hostile counterparts. This was not the case. These smiles are context-specific; they reveal something about the power dynamics between only these two fighters, not something enduring about the kinds of people that these fighters are. A fighter, smiling against opponent A because he knows he is outmatched, might be stone-faced when up against the weaker opponent B (who, by extension, would in that circumstance be reduced to a grinning fool).

(Photo: Justin Levens of the Southern California Condors (L) and Brian Foster of the San Jose Razorclaws (R) face off during the International Fight League weigh-in for the fights between the Condors versus the Razorclaws and the Red Bears versus Silverbacks at Buffalo Wild Wings on May 18, 2007 in Hoffman Estates, Illinois. By Brian Bahr/Getty Images for IFL)

How The West Was Wrung Dry

Aviva Shen explains how water management plans in the Western states are backfiring:

Increasingly severe droughts and record low rainfall have forced farmers to rely more heavily on groundwater supplies. But without changing current farming practices, these reserves will run out rapidly. Climate change will make droughts longer and hotter, while rain will only come in harsh storms that will flood crops and erode valuable topsoil without much of it making it down to the groundwater.

The conservation subsidy under the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) was meant to help farmers employ more environmentally friendly practices. However, research shows the program prompted many farmers to expand their acreage using the water that was supposed to be conserved. Two recent studies discovered that farmers receiving conservation payments in Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico used some of their water savings to expand irrigation or grow thirstier crops, effectively defeating the purpose. The new efficient irrigation equipment has actually shrunk groundwater supplies at an even faster pace, researchers found.

Barack And Jinping, Ctd

Richard C. Bush was impressed with the summit, as a first step:

On specific issues, Obama and Xi appear to have had the most agreement on North Korea: on the strategic dangers posed by Pyongyang’s nuclear ambitions, and on the need to fully enforce the US-CHINA-DIPLOMACY-OBAMA-XIresolutions of the UN Security Council to create pressure on the North to choose between nuclear weapons and a normal relationship with the international community. President Obama discussed the problem of cyber-theft targeting public and private American entities. He also urged restraint by all parties to disputes in the East and South China Seas. President Xi reportedly (and not unexpectedly) raised the issue of U.S. arms sales to Taiwan and Obama reportedly reiterated the long-standing U.S. position. Xi also asked for more information on regarding the multilateral trade negotiations on the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and Obama pledged to provide that transparency.

Thus, the Sunnylands Summit did not resolve the issues in the U.S.-China relationship, but that was never its objective. Instead, the goal was to create a more effective platform for addressing those issues in the future by deepening the Xi-Obama personal relationship and by making explicit the reality that the success of each will affect the success of the other. This was a good beginning, but it is just a beginning.

No reports indicate that the two discussed Edward Snowden hiding out in Hong Kong. But this was a great tweet:

Elizabeth C. Economy thinks the two leaders forged a good rapport:

At the heart of the summit, however, was President Xi’s desire to be treated with respect and to have China and the United States forge a “new relationship among major powers.” President Xi got half of his wish.

Certainly President Obama treated President Xi with respect; however he resisted Chinese efforts to elevate the U.S.-China relationship beyond that of the United States’ relations with its allies. While President Obama acknowledged that the two countries needed to have a “new model of cooperation,” he carefully avoided the Chinese phraseology of a “new model of major country relationships.”

While perhaps not the best outcome for President Xi, President Obama has it right. A special partnership of the sort that China seeks can only arise after the two countries have achieved a series of policy successes premised on common values and approaches. Until then, the leaders and people of both countries should be pleased that the summit was good enough: it brought a new more positive energy to the bilateral relationship, stressed cooperation as opposed to conflict, and offered a few of the win-wins that have been so scarce in recent years.

Walter Mead calls it a snapshot of the new global politics:

[N]ote just how unlike this summit was from the gatherings that characterized high politics in the 20th century. It was not just that no Europeans were present, but that neither of the leaders has deep personal roots in the Atlantic community. This is a glimpse at what could well become the diplomacy of the 21st century (unless Europe figures out how to organize both its economy and its political system more effectively). The Pacific Century is here.

Previous Dish coverage of the summit here. A reader notes of it:

Your post is titled “Barack and Xi, but Xi is actually the Chinese president’s surname. His first name is Jinping (meaning progress and peace). So a more symmetrical title should be Obama and Xi. The confusion may come from the way Chinese names are structured with surname at the front.

(Photo: US President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping take a walk at the Annenberg Retreat at Sunnylands in Rancho Mirage, California, on June 8, 2013. Obama and Xi wrap up their debut summit Saturday, grasping for a personal understanding that could ease often prickly US-China relations. Skipping the usual summit pageantry, Obama and Xi went without neckties, in a departure from the stifling formality that marked Obama’s halting interactions with China’s ex-president Hu Jintao. By Jewel Samad/AFP/Getty Images)

Polluting Across State Lines

Danny Hayes examines research (pdf) on it:

The facilities that release the most toxic emissions (measured by number of pounds) are the most likely to locate near a downwind border. So what’s leading polluters to make these decisions? The authors acknowledge that their data can’t say anything about the process that brings pollution facilities to downwind borders. But they suggest two possibilities.

One is that state policy makers encourage it. For instance, Texas would surely want the economic development and tax revenue that would come from a new manufacturing plant. But the state could probably do without the resulting toxic emissions. So one option would be to encourage a manufacturer to locate on Texas’ northern border, where the wind tends to blow across the Red River into Oklahoma.

Alternatively, companies might decide on their own to build a facility in a location where pollution would be carried across state lines. Doing so might reduce the effectiveness of NIMBY, or not-in-my-backyard, activism.

The Best Of The Dish Today

Camille_Pissarro,_Le_verger_(The_Orchard),_1872

I defer to David Simon’s take on the Snowden affair; Conor moved the debate along; and the term “media martyr” seemed more apropos than “whistle-blower”. Pissaro’s work (almost as magnificent as his beard) was given a second look (see Orchard in Bloom, Louveciennes above); and we toasted the poet, Marie Ponsot. Hound love here; Paul Wolfowitz as a velociraptor here.

The most popular post? Enter The Media Martyr. Second? This Is Bullshit. And the sectarian flames licked the Middle East some more.

See you in the morning.

Faces Of The Day

Purple Heart Ceremony Held At Historical Home Of George Washington

Two-year-old Yoselin Lopez, held by her mother Jennifer Lopez, inspects a Purple Heart awarded to her father, U.S. Army Specialist Arael Lopez-Lopez, following a Purple Heart ceremony in Mount Vernon, Virginia on June 10, 2013. The U.S. Army celebrated its 238th birthday at the home of George Washington with a ceremony that included the awarding of the Purple Heart for three soldiers wounded in Afghanistan. Lopez received his injuries from an RPG explosion followed by a dismounted IED in Wardak Province on August 8, 2012. By Win McNamee/Getty Images.

Life In The Inner Pity

Mona Simpson ponders why readers keep returning to Henry James’ Washington Square, a novel exploring “the terrible condition of being unable to love”:

We don’t read James for his stories. Despite their formal symmetries, they feel jerry-rigged. He borrows from melodrama, but lops off that genre’s gratifications, going realist on us at exactly the wrong moment. If Americans want a tragedy with a happy ending, Henry James delivers something more like a comedy with a haunting close.

1543,AndreasVesalius'Fabrica,BaseOfTheBrainWe don’t return to James for his characters, either. It’s not quite possible to love them the way one may love Leopold Bloom or Mrs. Dalloway or even Lily Briscoe. They don’t feel real, exactly, though they’re the opposite of cardboard—a term suggesting characters made of appearances. James’s characters are all soul; they’re closer to ideas than to bodies. We know their sensibilities but not their details. …

We read James not for his stories or for his characters but for the one thing that can’t be adapted: his mind. We know it, in its arguments with itself, its endlessly refining discernment, its flickering shifts and glints of wisdom. We know those details the way we know Bloom’s love of organ meats and Mrs. Ramsay’s tendency to slough off her beauty with haphazard clothes.

No one else has given such fine attention to personal life as it’s thought, that wave and flutter in consciousness. Our stray wishes, our abiding hopes, our shame and constant fears—James attends to all the component parts of what we loosely call love, if only to show his characters coming up against their limitations.

(Illustration: From the 1543 book in the collection in National Institute of Medicine. Andreas Vesalius’ Fabrica, showing the Base Of The Brain, including the cerebellum, olfactory bulbs, and optic nerve.)